{"flag":true,"single":true,"pageTitle":"Data and network security MIT Notes","post":{"id":175,"user_id":"1","slug":"data-and-network-security-mit-notes-zlov","title":"Data and network security MIT Notes","body":"<h4 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.5rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; background-color: #ffffff;\">CIA model (Confidentialy ,Integrity &amp; Availability)<\/h4>\r\n<ul style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Confidentialy:&nbsp;<\/span>security focus, means information is not available for unauthorized access<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Integrity:&nbsp;<\/span>accuracy &amp; completeness focus, means information is not modified by unauthorized access<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Availability:&nbsp;<\/span>availabilty focus, means data is available when authorized access<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.5rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; background-color: #ffffff;\">Attack Process (MOM)<\/h4>\r\n<ul style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Mehod:<\/span>\r\n<ul style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\">\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Ability:&nbsp;<\/span>if wifi security is wep, it can be hacked<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Information:&nbsp;<\/span>some weekness, ie free internet use<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Tools:&nbsp;<\/span>by using tools<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Oppurtunity:&nbsp;<\/span>work for some time&amp; access ie we now by default wifi has 12345678 password so we can use it<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Motive:&nbsp;<\/span>fun,finance,penteration (testing) ,etc<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h5 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.25rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; background-color: #ffffff;\">Types of attack<\/h5>\r\n<ul style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Active:&nbsp;<\/span>to alter system resourses\r\n<ul style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\">\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Masqurade attack:&nbsp;<\/span>use fake identity to gain unauthorized access<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">DOS attack:&nbsp;<\/span>atack an system to provoide its services to its users<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Passive:&nbsp;<\/span>to learn for system but not effect the system\r\n<ul style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\">\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Traffic Analysis:&nbsp;<\/span>Read whole trafic<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Release of message:&nbsp;<\/span>specific data read ie alert (beep) when ATM byte received<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.5rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; background-color: #ffffff;\">Defence methods<\/h4>\r\n<ul style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Physical control<\/span>&nbsp;ie use locker<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Hardware control<\/span>&nbsp;use biometric for open system<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Software control<\/span>&nbsp;use password<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Encription&nbsp;<\/span>ie use A ? D +2<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.5rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; background-color: #ffffff;\">Network security<\/h4>\r\n<ul style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Cryptography:&nbsp;<\/span>use data conversion ie represent Rizwan as u98ujl<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Stengnography<\/span>&nbsp;use data hiding ie hide rizwan to an image<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">&nbsp;<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.5rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; background-color: #ffffff;\">Encriptions<\/h4>\r\n<ul style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">DES:<\/span>&nbsp;attach image here<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">AES:&nbsp;<\/span>attach image here<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.5rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; background-color: #ffffff;\">Website hacking<\/h4>\r\n<ul style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Cross site scripting:<\/span>&nbsp;in message add html,js code<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">SQL Injection:&nbsp;<\/span>wrong sql queries<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Remote file Inclusion:&nbsp;<\/span>Shell code to access web server<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">DDOS:&nbsp;<\/span>block access of a website<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Broute fource:&nbsp;<\/span>all possible combination to access<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.5rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; background-color: #ffffff;\">Internet security<\/h4>\r\n<ul style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Layers:&nbsp;<\/span>secure your layers (network, transport,application etc)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>SIR USAMA<\/p>\r\n<h4 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.5rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; background-color: #ffffff;\">Subnetting<\/h4>\r\n<ul style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<ul style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">Logical subdivision of IP (host portion) is called subnetting<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">IP ? Network+hosts\/routingPrefix(CIDR) ie 192.168.1.0\/24 24 bits for network and 8 bits for hosts<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">each subnet must have unique CIDR, if same Router can't communicate with subnets<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">ie 192.168.1.0\/24 to 192.168.1.220\/24 communication done because no subnet maked<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">192.168.1.19\/25 is a network, 192.168.1.220\/24 is other network, we need router<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">USE of subnetting:&nbsp;<\/span>Save addresses<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Classfull vs classless subnets<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"table table-sm table-responsive\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 1070px; margin-bottom: 1rem; display: block; overflow-x: auto;\">\r\n<tbody style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<tr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<th style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">classfull<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">classless<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">No subnets, cidr is 8,16,24<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">subnets maked,cidr is &gt;8,&gt;16,&gt;24<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">VLSM (variable length subnet mask)&nbsp;<\/span>each subnet has different sized of hosts<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">FLSM (fixed length subnet mask)&nbsp;<\/span>each subnet have same no of ip's<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Mininum no of hosts for class c ip address?<\/span>&nbsp;192.168.1.0\/30 means 30 bits for network and 2 for hosts 2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em;\">2<\/span>=4 one for network, one for subnet mask, and two hosts<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Max no of hosts for class c ip address?<\/span>&nbsp;2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">8<\/span>-2 , excluded 2 are subnet mask and network\r\n<table class=\"table table-sm table-responsive\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 1070px; margin-bottom: 1rem; display: block; overflow-x: auto;\">\r\n<tbody style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<tr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">Class<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">Max hosts<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">Min hosts<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">Range<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">Stat<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">Binary<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">A<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">24<\/span>-2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">24<\/span>-2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">22<\/span>-2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">0-127<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">N.H.H.H<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">00000000 - 01111111<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">B<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">16<\/span>-2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">16<\/span>-2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">14<\/span>-2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">128-191<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">N.N.H.H<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">10000000 - 10111111<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">C<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">8<\/span>-2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">8<\/span>-2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">6<\/span>-2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">192-223<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">N.N.N.H<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">11000000 - 11011111<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">D<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">224-239<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">for multicast<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">11100000 - 11101111<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">E<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">240-255<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">for experiments<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">11110000 - 11111111<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.5rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; background-color: #ffffff;\">An example, we need 4 networkd using VLSM<\/h4>\r\n<table class=\"table table-sm table-responsive\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 1110px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; display: block; overflow-x: auto; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<tbody style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<tr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">61 hosts<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">29 hosts<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">13 hosts<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">5 hosts<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">6<\/span>=64 ie 192.168.1.0\/26 to 192.168.1.63\/26<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">5<\/span>=32 ie 192.168.1.64\/27 to 192.168.1.95\/27<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">4<\/span>=16 ie 192.168.1.96\/28 to 192.168.1.111\/28<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">3<\/span>=8 ie 192.168.1.112\/29 to 192.168.1.119\/29 (verfy it)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h4 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.5rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; background-color: #ffffff;\">How to find prefix<\/h4>\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">192.168.1.100\/?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ol style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">6<\/span>=64 and 2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">7<\/span>=128 we now&nbsp;<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">64&lt;100&lt;128<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">7<\/span>&nbsp;so 32-7=25 is prefix<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">192.168.1.100\/25<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h4 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.5rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; background-color: #ffffff;\">Available subnets<\/h4>\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">for class C<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ol style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">192.168.1.1\/24<\/span>&nbsp;2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">CDIR-24<\/span>&nbsp;as 2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">24-24<\/span>=2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">0<\/span>=1 only one subnet<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">192.168.1.122\/26<\/span>&nbsp;Find 2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">CDIR-24<\/span>&nbsp;as 2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">26-24<\/span>=2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">2<\/span>=4 four subnet<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h4 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.5rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; background-color: #ffffff;\">Subnetting<\/h4>\r\n<ol style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">convert ip address into binary<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">check class of ip address and write binary of class<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">Multiply both ip address bits and save the result<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">Now depends on how many branches needs, make bits ie if 6 branches then 2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">3<\/span>=8<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">assign first group of bits to left side of binary (red part)<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">make subnets for 172.172.172,172 for 6 branches<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<table class=\"table table-sm table-responsive\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; width: 1110px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; display: block; overflow-x: auto; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<tbody style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<tr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">1.Binary of 172.172.172.172<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">10101100.10101100.10101100.10101100<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">2.Class of ip is B, so binary of class B is<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">3.Muliplication of 1,2 is<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">10101100.10101100.00000000.00000000<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">we need 6 branches so 2<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em;\">3<\/span>=8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">000<br style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">001<br style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">010<br style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">011<br style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">100<br style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">101<br style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">110<br style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">111<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">this is first subnet, 172.172.0.0\/19 (172.172.0.0&nbsp;net id&nbsp;to 172.172.31.255&nbsp;broadcast id)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">10101100.10101100.00000000.00000000<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">this is 2nd subnet ,172.172.32.0\/19<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">10101100.10101100.00100000.00000000<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\">\r\n<td style=\"box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.3rem; vertical-align: top; border-top-color: #dee2e6;\">this is last subnet<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h4 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.5rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; background-color: #ffffff;\">TCP\/IP layers<\/h4>\r\n<ol style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Application layer:<\/span>messages + programs interfaces use this (application +prsentation+session) ie http,ftp etc<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">transport layer:<\/span>&nbsp;add headers and connection status, ie port numbers<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">network layer:<\/span>&nbsp;ip address, use Router<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">datalink layer:<\/span>&nbsp;use mac address on switch<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">physical layer:<\/span>&nbsp;binary maked to travel on wires<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span class=\"text-danger\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; color: #dc3545 !important;\">Every card (Bluetooth ,wifi) has its individual mac address<\/span>&nbsp;<span class=\"text-success\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; color: #28a745 !important;\">A pc use all 5 layers so it can be maked router or switch<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h4 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.5rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; background-color: #ffffff;\">Switching<\/h4>\r\n<h5 class=\"text-success\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.25rem; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; background-color: #ffffff; color: #28a745 !important;\">Networks<\/h5>\r\n<ul style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">broadcast:<\/span>&nbsp;send info one to all other i.e send sms to all world<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">multicast:&nbsp;<\/span>send one to more than one ie group sms<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">unicast:<\/span>&nbsp;sned info one to one ie chat with friend<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">anycast:<\/span>&nbsp;used in routers?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h5 class=\"text-success\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.25rem; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; background-color: #ffffff; color: #28a745 !important;\">Bus topology<\/h5>\r\n<ul style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<li style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"><span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;\">Wired:&nbsp;<\/span>CSMA\/CD?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.5rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; background-color: #ffffff;\">Network Cores<\/h4>\r\n<dl style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1rem; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n<dt style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold;\">Network Edges<\/dt>\r\n<dd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px;\">end points,ie Sender &amp; receiver for example ATM,<\/dd>\r\n<dt style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold;\">Network Cores:<\/dt>\r\n<dd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px;\">Intermediat devices amoung edges ie switch,hub,router.<\/dd>\r\n<dt style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold;\">Circut switching:<\/dt>\r\n<dd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px;\">Communication that have&nbsp;<kbd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 0.2rem 0.4rem; color: #ffffff; background-color: #212529; border-radius: 0.2rem;\" title=\"direct link of two devices,no sharing amoung many devices\">dedicated link<\/kbd><\/dd>\r\n<dt style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold;\">packet switching<\/dt>\r\n<dd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px;\">use&nbsp;<kbd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 0.2rem 0.4rem; color: #ffffff; background-color: #212529; border-radius: 0.2rem;\" title=\"ie multiplexing\">shared link<\/kbd>&nbsp;for communication<\/dd>\r\n<dt style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold;\">Physical communication<\/dt>\r\n<dd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px;\">That use network (IP) + datalink (mac) + physical layer.<\/dd>\r\n<dt style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold;\">Logical communication<\/dt>\r\n<dd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px;\">that uses transport (for port) &amp; application layer (for url).<\/dd>\r\n<dt style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold;\">To send email following protocols used<\/dt>\r\n<dd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px;\"><kbd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 0.2rem 0.4rem; color: #ffffff; background-color: #212529; border-radius: 0.2rem;\" title=\"to send email\">SMTP<\/kbd>&nbsp;?&nbsp;<kbd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 0.2rem 0.4rem; color: #ffffff; background-color: #212529; border-radius: 0.2rem;\" title=\"file attachement\">FTP<\/kbd>&nbsp;?&nbsp;<kbd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 0.2rem 0.4rem; color: #ffffff; background-color: #212529; border-radius: 0.2rem;\" title=\"for transfer of data\">TCP\/UDP<\/kbd>&nbsp;?&nbsp;<kbd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 0.2rem 0.4rem; color: #ffffff; background-color: #212529; border-radius: 0.2rem;\" title=\"routing\">IP<\/kbd><\/dd>\r\n<dt style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold;\">Data link layer connectives<\/dt>\r\n<dd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px;\"><kbd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 0.2rem 0.4rem; color: #ffffff; background-color: #212529; border-radius: 0.2rem;\" title=\"sublayer of datalink layer for data transfer\">Upper:<\/kbd>Logical Link control (LLC)&nbsp;<kbd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 0.2rem 0.4rem; color: #ffffff; background-color: #212529; border-radius: 0.2rem;\" title=\"sublayer of datalink layer for mac address\">Lower:<\/kbd>Media access control (MAC)<\/dd>\r\n<dt style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold;\">Gateway<\/dt>\r\n<dd style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px;\">a device used to connect two different networks, especially a connection to the Internet.<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>","category_id":"25","is_private":"0","created_at":"2023-08-16T16:19:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-08-16T16:21:48.000000Z","category":{"id":25,"user_id":"1","name":"Mater In computers","slug":"mater-in-computers-4twm","parent_id":null,"created_at":"2023-08-16T16:14:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-08-16T16:14:38.000000Z"},"user":{"id":1,"name":"R GONDAL","email":"rizikmw@gmail.com","email_verified_at":null,"two_factor_confirmed_at":null,"current_team_id":"1","profile_photo_path":null,"created_at":"2023-03-12T10:49:33.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-10T12:59:00.000000Z","profile_photo_url":"https:\/\/ui-avatars.com\/api\/?name=R+G&color=7F9CF5&background=EBF4FF"}},"pageDesc":"CIA model (Confidentialy ,Integrity &amp; Availability)  Confidentialy:&nbsp;security focus, means information is not available for unauthor - Data and network security MIT Notes (Updated: August 16, 2023) - Read more about Data and network security MIT Notes at my programming site [SITE]","categories":[]}